Saturday, November 30, 2019
Pros and Cons of Immigration for the Immigrants
Thousands of immigrants from developing nations migrate to the United States hoping to secure jobs and lead better lives. Immigrants in the United States enjoy numerous economic benefits; nevertheless, they also suffer from a number of socioeconomic challenges. This paper will focus on the pros and cons of immigration to the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Immigration for the Immigrants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the immigrants take the jobs that the Americans dismiss as poorly paid. Despite the nature of the jobs, immigrants get income from the jobs thus raising their living standards. One of the factors that makes people migrate is the desire for a better life. Hence, immigrants enjoy better living standards in the United States relative to their home countries. Most of the immigrants work in the middle and semi-skilled sectors. Consequently, they are assured of ge tting jobs easily since a number of new jobs keep on emerging in these sectors. The United States has a welfare system that caters for all people regardless of their background. Hence, all the immigrants enjoy health and education services at subsidized rates. This aspect in return cuts down on the cost of living. Apart from employment, numerous immigrants have started their own businesses in the country. Currently, Asians and Hispanics have established businesses across the United States. Some of these businesses even do better when compared to those owned by the Americans. The opportunity to invest in business helps the immigrants enhance their living standards. In spite of the economic benefits enjoyed by the immigrants in the United States, the immigrants face a stiff discrimination from the Americans. The Americans blame the immigrants for the seemingly soaring unemployment rates experienced in the country. In addition, increase in the number of immigrants entering the country leads to cheap labor. Most of the immigrants are willing to work for whichever amount of money as long as they get jobs in America; hence, they are willing to take the first job that comes their way. Consequently, some American employers take this opportunity to exploit the immigrants. For instance, such employers hire immigrants at lower wages instead of Americans who ask for higher wages.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Immigrants in the United States face economic insecurity. In spite of the fact that most immigrants work in middle and semi-skilled jobs, the rate of job loss is higher amongst the immigrants than among the Americans. During the economic recess, many immigrants in the United States lost their jobs as companies embarked on cost cutting strategies. Job insecurity among the immigrants is high. In addition, most of the immigrants do not understand the employme nt policies of the United States. Hence, they do not realize when their employers violate their employment rights. Therefore, as aforementioned, some employers take this advantage to exploit immigrants and dismiss them whenever they do not require their services. Language barrier and literacy level inhibit the long-term socioeconomic mobility of the immigrants. Most of the immigrants do not understand English; hence, it is hard for them to interact and work freely with the Americans. Besides, as most of the immigrants are semi-illiterate, it is hard for them to secure jobs in the formal sector. Even though the immigrants enjoy some economic benefits in the United States, they are yet to overcome the numerous negative socioeconomic challenges that affect them. Discrimination and job insecurity are still high in the country; hence, it is hard for immigrants to acquire and retain stable jobs. This essay on Pros and Cons of Immigration for the Immigrants was written and submitted by user Kane Ross to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Attila Jozsefs Oedipus Complex Revealed Through H Essays
Attila Jozsef's Oedipus Complex Revealed Through H Essays Attila Jozsef's Oedipus Complex Revealed Through His Escapes From Reality Attila Jozsef's Oedipus Complex Revealed Through His Escapes From Reality Escaping reality is needed to write freely and creatively. Jozsef constantly escapes reality and writes beautiful poems. In his escapes, he acts like a father figure. He writes about how he misses his mother's love and yearns for his mother sexually. He gets upset and even mad because she isn't there for him. From his escapes we can psychologically determine that Jozsef has an Oedipus complex. A factor of the Oedipus complex is for the boy to be to his mother as his father is. Jozsef reveals this in his poems by trying to be the man of the house. Bringing home food is an example of what the man of the house does. Bring you potatoes, chicken, and a sack of millet (Jozsef 33). This was one of the things Jozsef does to imitate his father. From the first lines in the poem called Eulogy, he shows his yearning for his mother's affection and presence. I burn with a fever of ninety-eight point six degrees and mother you wont even nurse me (33). Jozsef's mother desserts him so early that he never has a chance to out grow the childish need for a mother. He flashes back at the way she treated him. You warmed my soup, blew it, and stirred it. And said eat and grow tall, my love (33). Like a child he wishes for her to be there to comfort and make him feel safe. The main idea of the Oedipus complex is that the boy wants his mother in a sexual way. Jozsef daydreams of her like a boy with a crush. I try to piece you together, from autumn scenes and a lot of women (33) Jozsef pictures her as his fantasy woman. I wear a pressed suit in my heart when I speak to you (62). He imagines dressing up to impress her. I mustn't think of your before my work is done, your dancing.(62) He can't get his mind of her and visions her dancing. All of these are ways of showing how much you love and miss your new girlfriend, but not your mother. Jozsef writes, You took it form me, and gave yourself and your breasts to the worms I should have eaten you(33), He lusts for her sexually. He reveals the accepting of his mother's death, and not being able to fulfill his desires. Now you lips taste only the dampness(33) He wants her lips to taste his. It can't be, so like all jealous lovers he gets angry. His anger is because of her death. She broke his heart, never allowing his fantasies to be fulfilled. You used to comfort me and scold me, but I see know that your words were all lies Your lips taste only the dampness- you lied to me on purpose(33). He gets disillusional by thinking he can still call her back and she will hear him. It's been five weeks, I don't know where you are.(62) I fell like cursing you, mamma, I cant hear you, yell at me You're terrible! You strive not to be, you ruin everything you shadow.(34) His anger and Jealous rages are an insight to his love for her. In his escapes from reality Jozsef strives to take his fathers place. Revealing the intense feelings he has for his mother's love and his sexual desire for her. He goes through all the stages that a person goes through when something tragic happens: Denial, anger, and finally acceptance. Jozsef's poems are intense because he has so much feeling behind them. His poems to reveal the reality of his desires, which is why we can presume his complex. Bibliography About atilla jozsef's inner thoughts
Friday, November 22, 2019
Building consumer demand by using marketing
Marketing munication can be increased by using social media sites. This assignment will describe about the chosen article ââ¬Å"The use of social media: an exploratory study of usage among digital nativesâ⬠. The objectives of the study will be mentioned in this assignment. Electronic word of mouth and web 2.0 has appeared as an event of significant interest to marketers. à The article will be critically analysed in this assignment to get better understanding about the chosen article. Individual reflection shows the work advance knowledge of subject which can be utilized in real life by marketing practioners. The main object of the article is to analyze the importance of social media in the academic life of students. The research report has described about the knowledge of students regarding social media platforms and in depth notion of customer generated contents. Next section explains the digital natives in terms of age and behavioural characteristics. Another objective of the article is to understand about web 2.0 and word of mouth munication. The explicit theory framework is used in this research to describe the master phenomena. The description about the web 2.0 and electronic word of mouth is made under this theory. It has been analyzed that the term of web 2.0 defines the platforms that are connective and offer users with the ability to incorporate various media within their content creation. Analytical technique, instructional instruments, social media platforms, consumer generated message viewership and customer generated message creation are used in this article to analyze the article (Steyn, Wallstrà ¶m and Pitt, 2010). The central concept of this article is word of mouth in marketing munication. This concept is clearly defined in this article. It has been said in this article that word of mouth is mature exercise as are people municating with one another. They have b e the major part for the marketing mix for panies (Li & Bernoff, 2008). The discussion has been made about the web 2.0 world of marketing in which word of mouth happens on all municative digital media sites. It has been estimated that more than 85% firm in united states are applying the word of mouth strategy. The word of mouth strategy es out in the business when the orientation provider has no risk in the business (Li, 2010). The main argument has been made on digital natives and it has been argued in this article that a higher educating marketing firm defined that technology has b e so advanced and as recognizable as a knife to this college age market segment. On the other side it has been argued that customers gradually more use digital media not for researching the products and services but for engaging with organizations they buy along with other customers who may have effective insights (Williams, Crittenden, Keo and McCarty, 2012). The specific hypothesis of this assignment is that Generation C who born after 1990 is truly digital natives. The key attributes of Generation C is that they how to live in an adequate manner and they are much involved in the puters and latest technology. The main strength of this assignment is used methodology. The sample has been collected from millennial aged undergraduate college students of United States of America (Packaged Facts, 2010). The minimum age is considered as 19 years old and the eldest age is 21 years old. It is the strength because the selected age is perfect to analyze the tentative study of usage among digital natives.à It would encourage them to encourage the campus events or they can use consumer produced content as a need of their jobs. The weakness has been found in this article is that there are so many students in selected sample who utilized their social media ecosystem for the reason of promoting their goods and services for those panies for which they are working. The risk has analyzed that the credible power in this the network of word of mouth will be eliminated for the extended time if the orientation provider lose the chance of the growth in the business. The hypothesis of this article is defined below: Qualitative research has been chosen for this article in regarding content analysis which permits the examination of the experience of social without unambiguous prospects.à Sample, analytical technique and instructional instrument are used in the article for researching on digital natives. In the context of sample, data has been collected from a convince sample of the undergraduate students who were studied in the marketing class. 74 students were selected for sample in which the youngest student was 19 years old and the eldest student was 21 years old. Content analysis is being used in the analytical technique in mass munication research which was considered as appropriate analytical technique for surveying the descriptions of process within the phenomenon of culture of social media. Instructional instrument is a written assignment which was given to all enrolled students. The main concept of this written assignment is to get the response of students about the usage of social media for marketing. It was the big approach to motivate students for using the social media by sharing their experiences. Evidence is provided in this article to define the social media platforms and providers. The table has given which shows the social media platforms used by students. There are various digital social media platforms available which is helpful for marketing. It has been found that 50% students are engaged with blogging and 96% of the students are active on Facebook and twitter. 70% of the students were connected with text messages because text messaging was in the content prompt. Another table has been reflected in this assignment which was categorized in segments and number of students. Segments have divided into spectator, creator, joiner, collector and critic. 73% of the students answered to more than one of the five segments. For instance, an individual can have seen himself in the condition of critic as well as spectator. The literature is the description about the chosen topic which describes the scope of the topic. The article has defined the digital natives and electronic word of mouth which includes the web 2.0. It defines the stages that are extremely interactive and offer the aptitude to put together dissimilar media in their content formation. On the other hand web 1.0 was defined by one way and unreceptive munication. It is characterized by a process in which people are continuously the provider and giver of information. The social media platforms enable the opportunities for attract that did not survive a decade ago. For instance, it has been analyzed that more than 700 billion minutes are used by so many users on Facebook (Trainor, 2012). There are approximately 30 million stories, images, videos and contents are being shared by people on Facebook (Facebook Statistics, 2010). You Tube is another social media where the number of uploaded videos are high and the views has increased by two bill ion per day (YouTube, 2010). It has been found that millions of people building trillions of bonding by social media each day. In that scenario, the role of Web 2.0 has made the electronic description of unfounded information munications. The digital native is the person who born during the age of digital technology and so well known with internet and latest technology from an early age. The article has described the Generation C consumers who love content creation and mashing. Generation C consumers prefer to municate in an adequate manner. The tendency of generation C students is to work more creative industries (Gil-Or, 2010). Consumer generated content is not encouraged mercially but it is a form of electronic word of mouth (Muà ±iz and Schau, 2011). Essentially, the opinion of customer is about the product and services and after satisfying with the services and products, customers share their views, experience and beliefs with other people by using web. The ou e of this articl e is fit in to the wider literature. According to Hansen, et. al., (2011), there is numerous different social media platforms that provided to students as instance to quick their thinking in the term of text messaging, podcasts, and social networking and discussion groups (Zahay & Fredricks, 2009). Moreover, to discriminating the platforms utilized by this group of college student customers, the description about the particular providers were asked to respondents. The article is aimed at universitiesââ¬â¢ students of USA. The research shows that student should judge the true suggestions of liberty of speech (Crittenden and Klepper, 2010). Another audience of this article is Generation C who born after 1990. The credibility of author is trust worthiness because the authors David L. Williams, Victoria L. Crittenden, Teeda Keo and Paulette McCarty are professors of top USA universities. ââ¬Å"The use of social media: an exploratory study of usage among digital nativesâ⬠is credible as it has been published in Journal of Public Affairs (2012). This journal article is published online in Wiley Online Library which shows the credibility of the journal article. The credibility of this article can be judged by viewing the number of references which is authenticated. The used language of author is clear and concise which can be understood by readers. The predominate mode of this article is analytical as author used qualitative research to explore the research topic. Sample, analytical technique, instructional instruments, social media platforms and customer generated message formation are being used in this research to show the involvement of people in social media. It can be r mended that further research should evaluate the statistics and search for disparity between and among a multiple characteristics of demographics. The texts can be improved by using the more analytical data because it has been found that the study of this article was unable to connect different countries of source in the shown data. The analytical source has been chosen for collecting data in which the written assignment and content analysis were considered. These approaches and sources did not enable the pilation of the data. It has been r mended that further research should report for the effects of national so it can see if there are differences in country majorly in the utilization of the specific platforms and providers. The implications of the article for marketing practioners would be effective because it has described the use of different social media platforms for encouraging the market growth. This article assisted me to expand my knowledge regarding web 2.0 and electronic word of mouth which has huge contribution in the growth of market. I can use these social media platforms in my business as marketing practioner. The limitations and future research have been described in this article which assists me that the ment of personal social media should not be posted from any internet sources until and unless it is private. It concurs with my own experience because people has b e advanced and give preference to online marketing instead of going outside. By using these marketing munication techniques, marketing practioner can attract the customers towards the provided services and products. It has been concluded that the entire objective of this investigative research is to evaluate the multiple of electronic word of mouth in the context of Generation C market segment and this segment is generally defined as digital natives. The critical analysis of the article has been done by evaluating the objectives, methods, evidence, credibility, style and audience. Individual reflection has shown the position of social media sites in the life of marketing practioners. Crittenden, V. and Klepper, K., 2010, Social media and the b-school.à BizEd, pp.72-73. Facebook Statistics, 2010, Facebook statistics, accessed on 26 th February 2018, from: https://www.facebook / press/info.php?statistics.à Gil-Or, O., 2010, Building consumer demand by using viral marketing tactics within an online social network.à Advances in Management,à 3(7), pp.7-14. Li, C. & Bernoff, J. 2008, Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies. Harvard Business Press: Boston. Li, C., 2010, Groundswell. Winning in a world transformed by social technologies.à Strategic Direction,à 26(8). Morrison, M. and McMillan, S., 2010, January. Oh, user, who art thou: an examination of behaviors and characteristics of consumers in the context of user generated content. Inà American Academy of Advertising. Conference. Proceedings (Online)à (p. 77). American Academy of Advertising. Muà ±iz Jr, A.M. and Schau, H.J., 2011, How to inspire value-laden collaborative consumer-generated content.à Business Horizons,à 54(3), pp.209-217. Muà ±iz, Jr, A.M. and Schau, H.J., 2007, Vigilante marketing and consumer-created munications.à Journal of Advertising,à 36(3), pp.35-50. Packaged Facts, 2010, Millennials in the U.S.: trends and opportunities surrounding Gen-Y adults. accessed on 26 th February 2018, from: https:// www.marketresearch /product/display.asp? productid=2661911. Steyn, P., Wallstrà ¶m, Ãâ¦. and Pitt, L., 2010, Consumer-generated content and source effects in financial services advertising: An experimental study.à Journal of Financial Services Marketing,à 15(1), pp.49-61. Trainor, K.J., 2012, Relating social media technologies to performance: A capabilities-based perspective.à Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management,à 32(3), pp.317-331. Williams, D.L., Crittenden, V.L., Keo, T. and McCarty, P., 2012, The use of social media: an exploratory study of usage among digital natives.à Journal of Public Affairs,à 12(2), pp.127-136. YouTube . 2010, Youtube, accessed on 26 th February 2018, from: https://www.youtube /t/press. Zahay, D. & Fredricks, E. 2009, Podcasting to improve delivery of a project-based internet marketing course. Marketing Education Review 19(1): 57ââ¬â63.
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Critique of the Formal and Informal Piece in Architecture Research Paper
Critique of the Formal and Informal Piece in Architecture - Research Paper Example The purpose of the sorting is to divert the audiencesââ¬â¢ attention from playing it as a game to considering the architecture in it. This challenges the status of the environment used in the game as a level since the buildings in the game have become the focus of attention. The architects have given opinions on the design as well as the kind of materials that have been used for the construction of buildings in the video games. Considering the purposefulness of the article, it can be doubted that the article does not serve the interest of the audience that the Journal is primarily meant for i.e. the architects. From the language used in the article, it can be estimated that it is meant for the students and professionals of Architecture alike. ââ¬Å"Tetris can teach us all a lesson in dimensional co-ordination and rotational symmetryâ⬠(Patel, 2009). The context was not quite appropriate. If any such sorting was supposed to be carried out, students and professionals in the field of Architecture would have appreciated more if real buildings had been sorted rather than the ones in the video games. Although the study of architecture through video games is a cost-effective way of study, yet it is not quite meaningful as the intent of the developers of the video games was not architecture but fun. Critiquing something on a certain basis for which it was not originally meant is inappropriate. Nevertheless, i f this aspect is overlooked, the critique is quite professional in its content and language. The architects have been very rational in their identification of the drawbacks in architecture introduced in the games. e.g. ââ¬Å"Pagoda roofs sit atop concrete-clad high-density housing towers as a nod to both ancient Eastern building practices and prefabricated modular buildings in the Westâ⬠(Patel, 2009).Ã
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Bureaucratic structure and leadership Research Paper
Bureaucratic structure and leadership - Research Paper Example Fire Administration, 2013). This is a kind of appropriate leadership technique where there is an involvement of serious safety risks (such as working with fire, machinery, dangerous heights and toxic substances (NFPA International, 2002). With these considerations, the paper aims comprehend the different feedbacks provided by the staff in a fire department in a leading southeastern city. Bureaucratic/Organizational Structure Issues Impacting the Fire Departmentââ¬â¢s Effectiveness Bureaucratic leadership style is a framework which is grounded upon certain fixed rules and regulations. This leadership style is particularly observed to be useful in case of performing routine activities which is generally the work structure of fire departments. With reference to the feedback provided by staff of fire department in a foremost southeastern city, it can be determined that fire department follows bureaucratic style which is a fixed framework but on the job at times the fire fighters requi re to take a lot of flexible decisions which might not be possible within such a rigid framework. Thus, a question arises whether the bureaucratic leadership style is acceptable in this organization or not. ... People do not have any specific idea regarding what their jobs actually are. Public actually perceive them as "dead weight" because they actually are not visible as the department of police. There have been various problems regarding the organizational structure of the fire department (Cochran, n.d.). Though media has been one of the most connective allies of the fire fighter departments, there is a lack of awareness and education about what the fighter does. Thus, there should be proper exposure of the fire department to the public, in terms of establishing greater cultural relationships. Thirdly, the fire fighters generally follow the standardized rating of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It is observed from the feedbacks that the organizational structure or practices in the department bestow greater emphasis on the ratings of the ISO and less concern towards the needs of the communities. Fourthly, due to globalization new industrial buildings are setting up which is causing an increase in operations for the fire fighters. The fire services and equipment are getting increasingly expensive which may raise questions in the minds of the public regarding the quality of the service they are obtaining. Moreover, quick responses by the fire fighters may not be possible as some of the coverage areas are far from the stations. Training schedule needs to be structured properly so that multiple units of fire are actually not out of service at onetime leaving large areas of the city without protection. Nationally, there is a drop in the percentage of the number of fire fighters by nearly 10 percent from 880000 in 1984 to 790000 in the year 2001. This indicates that the
Saturday, November 16, 2019
The current financial and economic situation Essay Example for Free
The current financial and economic situation Essay During my analysis of the current financial and economic situation, I uncovered how the effects of the situation are still being revealed. It is imperative to recognize that the situation is complex in nature and that is why we must comprehend how this dire situation came to be. We must also comprehend why we are seeing the consequences unfold, the various impacts of the financial bailout, and lastly how we might fix the situation. My research paper shall discuss in depth the effects of our ââ¬Ëfinancial crunchââ¬â¢ on financial markets, such as on banks, credit unions, the stock market, the mortgage industry, and retail sectors. Because these key aspects of our culture have been negatively affected by the credit crunch, the middle class is feeling doubts about their capability to overcome this new harsh financial sphere that now exists. This paper shall carefully examine how the financial crunch has affected these individuals and thus the retail and sales industry. It shall also look at some top financial companies which require the bailout money in order to survive; for instance, Lehman Brothers, Bears Stearns, and AIG. Furthermore, we shall correlate how individuals unwittingly began to rely on credit as a means to obtain more expensive items that might otherwise be outside of their price range. In fact, we shall see that people began living beyond their means due to relying on credit versus cash purchases and this has lead to the financial mess that we are in today (http://www. economist. com/opinion/displayStory. cfm? source=hptextfeaturestory_id=11885697). In addition, I shall pin point key aspects of the financial bailout that were proposed to aid individuals in returning to their safe spending habits and thus aiding the financial retail markets. Our government is seeking to rectify the situation via the financial bailout and such governmental driven policies might in fact be essential for the development of new successful businesses and our infrastructure. The paper will need to distinguish if such policies and procedures can positively or adversely impact the financial and credit crunch situation that we find ourselves in. Towards the conclusion of the research paper, I will attempt to suggest how perhaps in hindsight we could have warded off this recession at an earlier time. My suggestions will holistically analyze how vital it is to see the ââ¬Å"big pictureâ⬠as a long term development and not simply focus on the short-term details of our dilemma. My in-depth analysis includes ââ¬Ëre-valuingââ¬â¢ the American dollar, holding our politicians responsible for how they are spending or investing our tax dollars, absolutely educating people in how to stop relying on their credit cards for purchases, considering organic produce, and how ââ¬Å"turning greenâ⬠in the long run will be beneficial for everyone. Look more: problem and solution essay Our failure to tackle the beginning signs of the recession has indeed played a negative role in where our financial perspective lies today. Hopefully, the federal financial bailout that we find ourselves in having to come to terms will can help us learn from this experience and prevent it from occurring once again in the future. For these reasons the bailout became a pressing necessity (http://www. usnews. com/blogs/the-home-front/2008/10/3/5-reasons-the-house-passed-the-bailout-bill. html) What led to Our Current Financial Problems? The bottom line: It was the misuse of our money, risky endeavors of the mortgage and banking industry, and individuals turning to credit for the chance to procure non-essentials without paying upfront. Honestly, the true origins of this financial problem were due to being more careless with other peopleââ¬â¢s money than we are with our own money. This predicament was entirely supported by credit card companies and the mortgage industry seeking to make an easy buck. These entities were satisfied in granting high credit lines to individuals who they knew via trend and marketing analysis would be unable to pay their bills on time. This led to those corporations receiving millions based upon late fee charges and finance charges. As our public began to depend more and more on credit cards, they found themselves unable to surmount the incredible amount of debt that they had created (Velshi 16-18). Now with this situation, these individuals began to declare bankruptcy because they were unable to pay their bills and wanted the collection agencies to stop badgering them. This act was not something the credit card companies, banking industry, or mortgage companies had the foresight on how to handle. http://www. economist. com/finance/displayStory. cfm? source=hptextfeaturestory_id=11 885272 We saw that as prices rose, including oil prices, people were under pressure to meet their basic necessity payments, and began to make minimum payments on their credit debts. The fallout reflected in their credit ratings and scores dropping due to outstanding debts and responsibilities. This financial distress was seen early on by economists who were ignored businesses such as banking giants and mortgage entrepreneurs were busy making bucket loads of money. This was also shown in the economic bubble perspective, that consumer spending was slowing down because they were seeing their home values decreasing. The public had become used to the real estate market booming and decided to refinance their homes to lower their monthly mortgage payments. By doing this, they drew the equity out of their homes at the same time and spent this money in the retail industry. The retail industry saw such actions becoming common place and developed more lines of credit opportunities to compel people to get further and further into debt. The retail industry focused on charging late charges and finance charges to draw money out of people in this vicious cycle. The subprime mortgage industry and banking industries were similarly practicing unethical procedures. They used lax lending standards so they could make the most money as the home valued at higher levels and their return customers spent more to refinance to lower rates. When the introductory interest rates reverted back to the regular interest rates, individuals were faced with the impasse of either making their higher mortgage payments or trying to refinance on a home which they now owned more than it was worth. Such individuals were also weighed down with other debts, such as student loans, car loans, rising oil prices, increased costs in the retail sector, and the increase in the cost of living in 2001, which made it difficult to make timely payments. In the United States, we saw that home sales and prices fell sharply in March of 2007. Americans were also seeing high unemployment and the foreclosures began on homes. Overwhelming debt led to this severe economic situation and the recession that people were seeing. The stimulus and bailout is expected to help people face these problems. (http://money. cnn. com/2009/02/17/news/economy/obama_stimulus_meas_success/index. htm) For people overextended in their vicious debts, they now faced financial pitfalls as they had to select between making payments to debt collection agencies versus providing food for their families (http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/7523234. stm). The Aug 7, 2008 article, ââ¬Å"Home Truths: A housing slump helped cause the credit crisis. But its effect on spending may have been exaggeratedâ⬠the Economist illustrates that when the housing bubble burst, new homeowners were suddenly faced with the opportunity to purchase homes at much lower prices. This made it more affordable for young Americans to obtain homes at lower prices if they could qualify through the banks. This article shows that for current homeowners and landlords, this difficult economic situation leads to them cutting back on their spending in order to overcome this ââ¬Å"loss of wealth. â⬠(http://www. economist. com/finance/displayStory. cfm? source=hptextfeaturestory_id=11885272) As this housing and mortgage bubble has burst it has also cracked the illusion that debt was the answer to obtaining more material items. We arrived at this recession because of lax loaning practices and standards. We can see that the financial sector cared about making money versus the right decisions about who to lend money to or even how much money should be lent. This is why the financial bailout has arrived. Historically we have seen that past causes of a recession can be either external or internal in nature. For instance, internal causes include high interest rates, high taxes, high spending, mistakes by the fed to curtail financial concerns, corporate fraud, and investor reluctance to invest. On an external front, some past causes of a recession include global stock market falls such as in Asia or Europe, wars, and other such financial mayhem in the world. Overall, opinions are often divided as economists tend to disagree about when and if we are in a recession but currently they all agree that our economy is in bad shape and it has been for some time. While they hesitate to say what has toppled our economy and caused stagnation, they are certain that a variety of facts has led to our current financial predicament. Both the internal as well as external causes have resulted in a global domino affect around the globes financial and retail spectrum. The best reference we have for this situation is the Great Depression were economists saw a sharp decline in international trade . During the Great Depression large businesses were unstable and the governement via the New Deal was charged with the task of limiting how much power businesses had and giving more power to labor unions. Regulations were put into place which increased the amount of taxes paid by large corporates which generated revenue for the government and helped the government lower trade tariffs which had caused international markets to sell less. As people decided to save more in the face of those economic hardships they wound up actually saving less because businesses saw retail expenditures drop. They then decided to balance out there budgets they needed to layoff workers. As the article, ââ¬Å"Causes of the Great Depression Political Perspectves on Causes and Curesâ⬠, states, ââ¬Å" The increased savings (reduced spending) â⬠¦. contributed to price deflation, perpetuating the Great Depressionâ⬠¦. Businesses, cut back on investment spending because they were pessimistic about the futureâ⬠¦. (led to) less investment, fewer jobs, less consumption and even less reason for business to invest. â⬠http://www. experiencefestival. com/a/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression_-_Political_Perspectves_on_Causes_and_Cures/id/4905687 Role of the Financial Bailout for Lehman Brothers, Bears Stearns, and AIG Lehman Brothers: The nationââ¬â¢s 4th largest investment bank, Lehman Brothers, made poor investment decisions in its real estate holdings. Lehman Brothers, was one of the first investment banks granted the rights to borrow emergency money from Fed as a loan like commercial banks are allowed to. The true issue that arose with Lehman Brothers was that it was a insolvency risk (http://www. moneyweek. com/investments/stock-markets/what-went-wrong-at-lehman-brothers-03809. aspx). They had a large number of loans related to real estate and because such assets depreciated in value with the real estate market bubble burst, the face value of such properties was marked as a financial loss (Muolo 42-43, 143-144). When the company attempted to sell itself to Bank of America and Barclays, they were faced with their potential bidders requesting government support because they didnââ¬â¢t know the true scope of Lehman Brotherââ¬â¢s financial losses. The Treasury department refused to grant this support, and both banks walked away from negotiations. After this occurred, Lehman was forced into filing for bankruptcy. (http://cbs5. com/business/lehman. brothers. crisis. 2. 816615. html) http://cbs5. com/national/lehman. brothers. shares. 2. 814040. html http://www. moneyweek. com/investments/stock-markets/what-went-wrong-at-lehman-brothers-03809. aspx Bears Stearns: Unlike Lehman Brothers, Bears Stearns was unable to get banks to lend money to them. As investors lacked confidence that the company could repay the prior loans granted to it, the reputation of this 5th largest investment bank faltered. The final element that led to its demise was that investors believed that the bank would be unable to adhere to the prior complex agreements that it had with the many other financial institutions that it did business with. Because such financial relationships with other banks was precarious and if the bank failed, those relationships could send a ripple effect through the economy the Federal Reserve was forced to agree to support JPMorgan Chaseââ¬â¢s decision to purchase Lehman Brothers (http://www. usatoday. com/money/industries/banking/2008-03-17-bear-stearns-bailout_N. htm). The Federal Reserve agreed to ââ¬Å" fund $30 billion of Bear Stearns assets that would be difficult to sell quickly, raising the possibility that taxpayers could be on the hook for part of the bailoutâ⬠¦. As far as Wall Street securities houses go, Bear Stearns wasnt too big to fail, says Steve East, chief economist for FBR Capital Markets. (FBMC) It was too interconnected to fail. This collapse was the direct result of the bursting housing bubble. Society saw that home prices rose and fewer people could afford to purchase, so lending banks created new types of mortgages to qualify people who would not have qualified otherwise for the traditional 30 year fixed mortgage. These subprime mortgages allowed banks and brokers to charge fees for the closings which gave them substantial profits but no risk once the loans were sold to Wall Street. Investors, such as Bears Stearns, purchased these bulk complex securities packages and remained profitable on the interest generated from these packages. But when the housing market started to crash, borrowers became unable to refinance and select to default on their mortgages. With more defaults piling up, companies like Bears Stears were left with assets which were reflecting as devaluation. AIG The situation with AIG (American International Group) is a precarious one. As of Sept 16, 2008 this globally based company underwent a liquidity crisis due to its credit rating being downgraded; thus, AIG was forced to post collateral promises with its trading counter parties. When the company sold its CDS to meet collateralized debt obligations it endured a sharp decline in their value. The Federal Reserve was then forced to financially prop up the company so it did not collapse; which would have caused financial ruin for the global economy as other companies would have also collapsed. The Fed then created $85 billion in a secured credit facility for AIG, and took over 80% of AIG equity stake (Velshi 18). This bailout was by far the largest U. S. government bailout of a private company, but it was smaller than the bailout of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac which occurred earlier in Sept 2008. After this occurred, the share prices of AIG fell more than 95% in value to $1. 25 from its prior $70. 13 per share. Investors found that AIG valued the types of securities that it held at Alt-A and its sub-prime mortgage backed securities at 1. 7 to 2 times more than the rates used by Lehman Brothers, the largest bankruptcy in U. S. history. The following month on Oct 9, 2008 the company forced to borrow an additional $37. 8 billion as a second secured asset credit facility initialized by the Federal Reserve (http://money. cnn. com/2008/09/17/news/companies/aig_explainer/index. htm? postversion=2008091715). The defaults for the next months were increasing steadily which shows that the company itself was facing a big collapse. Then on Nov 10, 2008 the U. S. Treasury heralded that it would be acquiring $40 billion in newly issued AIG senior preferred stock, under the power of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Acts Troubled Asset Relief Program. Federal officials indicated that its $40 billion investment in AIG would enable the government to decrease the total risk exposure to AIG to $112 billion from $152 billion (http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20090302/ap_on_bi_ge/aig_rescue). During this financial bailout mayhem, the public learned that AIG executives squandered bailout money at an exquisite California resort. This ââ¬Å"vacationâ⬠using bailout money cost $444,000 and included spa activities, festivities, and golf retreats. In addition, these executives also used $86,000 on a hunting trip to England; this with the Fed giving them additional loans of $37. 8 billion! They also used $343,000 on trip to Phoenix Arizona for an exotic resort there. So when does this bailout money end! Attempting to sell their assets, AIG has been unsuccessful in paying off its government loans. With the global economy taking hits in insurance businesses, AIG is being protected by the Fed from falling into bankruptcy. This financial support by the government has lead to the Fed writing off some of its loans as losses and further devaluing the U. S. dollar. Recently as of March 2, 2009 AIG reported a 4th quarter loss of $61. 7 billion dollars for the last three months of 2008. This loss impacted Europe and Asian trading markets as well. Financial Problems and How the Financial Bailout is Hoping to Address Each Point: Effects Both Here at Home and Abroad â⬠¢ Problem: increase in unemployment as companies downsize Bailout Solution: $39 billion will be spent on health insurance for the unemployed who can use this money to pay for cobra coverage or Medicaid. In addition $43 billion will be spent to enable them to increase their unemployment benefits and receive job training for new positions. â⬠¢ Problem: credit tightening and lending standards inflexible Bailout Solution: rescinding the requirement that a $7,500 first-time homebuyer tax credit be paid back over time, and giving loans to companies and new procedures to ensure that lending continues so that student loans, car loans, etcâ⬠¦would be easier to obtain (http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2009/02/01/GR2009020100154. html). In addition, changes to how mortgages were granted occurred http://useconomy. about. com/od/criticalssues/a/govt_bailout. htm) â⬠¢ Problem: retail industries closing as public demand decreases, and infrastructure concerns Bailout Solution: $31 billion: Construction and repair of federal buildings and other public infrastructure along with water projects and mass transit projects. For retail industries and small businesses the government will double the amount they can write off for capital investments and vital business related purchase. (http://www. glennbeck. com/content/articles/article/198/20639/) â⬠¢ Problem: decrease in global expansion efforts and trade between countries which affects emerging economies which depend upon the U. S. and U. K. for big and small purchases and exports in order to continue growth and expansion Bailout Solution: n/a. If the U. S. economy can get back on track this would coincide with other countries being less impacted by our poor financial situation. â⬠¢ Problem: failure of the mortgage and real estate industries due to being unable to aid individuals with in refinancing or making new purchases because banks are refusing to lend money Bailout Solution: aid to struggling home owners, but not listed in bailout bill â⬠¢ Problem: growth projections declining from 4. 9% in 2007 to 4. 0% in 2008 Bailout Solution: $275 billion in tax relief ($1,000 tax cut for families, $500 tax cut for individuals through SS payroll deductions) along with $20 billion spent to increase the food stamp benefit over 13% so as to help ease the rising food costs. â⬠¢ Problem: inflation increases in oil, commodities, and food prices and energy issues Bailout Solution: $32 billion is destined for funding a smart electricity grid in order to reduce waste, and $16 billion is geared for research and development on energy related work, energy tax cuts, and credits (http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2009/02/01/GR2009020100154. html). â⬠¢ Problem: individuals recognizing that the federal and state governments are over extended in war funding and not tending to our financial crisis in a timely or appropriate manner Bailout Solution: efforts to bring troops home, but not listed in bailout situation â⬠¢ Problem: value of the American dollar and reputation has turned drastically negative Bailout Solution: n/a. Efforts to fix our tarnished reputation but the American dollar is devaluing even more due to the bailout. â⬠¢ Problem: Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, Bear Stearns, and IndyBank also being key examples of financial companies which all required immediate aid from the federal government in order to collapse (http://www. imf. org/external/np/speeches/2008/032108. htm) Bailout solution: Continued support of such institutions to ensure that they do not fail How Should We Fix the Regulation? As voting citizens, we must should insist that the government account for its spending habits and they must be made responsible for spending more than it can obtain via revenue. For companies like AIG which receive bailout money and spent it frivolously on expensive resorts they must be held responsible and the board of directors held accountable or given jail time. The cost of war has also been unaccounted for, so our new regulations need to decrease the amount of spending on that front. As the bailout takes our hard earned money it needs to be used on improving transportation, education, medical requirements, and even social security. Poor lending standards and practices must be better regulated for those seeking to get good refinance rates or purchase new homes, cars, or even student loans. As we are seeing a sharp rise in unemployment and off-shoring of jobs, it is improper that businesses which hire individuals in the United States are forced to pay unemployment taxes; whereas, companies which elect to outsource their labor force are not required to pay these same taxes. This means such companies have more money in revenue due to the fact that they are paying their employees less overseas and adding to the unemployment that we see here at home. This action is counterproductive because from a financial perspective organizations might save more money by outsourcing and not having to pay the additional taxes, but it also means that unemployment will continue to rise in the face of such activity. A fair technique would be to increase the taxes on companies with large profits, and grant a fair marginal credit to companies which employ workers in the United States. This activity would put money back in the hands of American workers who can then turn around and use their paychecks in the economy and ease the financial crunch. This would also allow them to learn how to manage debt more practically and not take the equity out of their homes to pay debt off. I suggest that we better educate ourselves in managing our finances and saving versus running ourselves into the ground in insurmountable debt. References: Amadeo, Kimberly (2009). What Exactly is the Bank Bailout Bill. Retrieved Feb 26, 2009 from http://useconomy. about. com/od/criticalssues/a/govt_bailout. htm Aversa, Jeannine. Govt moves to aid AIG yet again; when will it end? Retrieved March 1, 2009 from http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20090302/ap_on_bi_ge/aig_rescue Beck, Glenn. Obama Stimulus Package Breakdown. January 26, 2009. Website. Retrieved Feb 26, 2009 from http://www. glennbeck. com/content/articles/article/198/20639/ Congressional Budget Office | Reporting by Karen Yourish, graphic by Laura Stanton The Washington Post February 01, 2009. Website. Retrieved Feb 26, 2009 from http://www. washingtonpost. com/wpdyn/content/graphic/2009/02/01/GR2009020100154. html Heaton, Chris Sholto. (9/19/2008). MoneyWeek. What Went Wrong at Lehman Brothers. Retrieved Feb 26, 2009 from http://www. moneyweek. com/investments/stock- markets/what-went-wrong-at-lehman-brothers-03809. aspx Luhby, Tami (2008). Why the Fed Pulled the Trigger on AIG. CNNMoney. com, retrieved March 1, 2009 from http://money. cnn. com/2008/09/17/news/companies/aig_explainer/index. htm? postversion =2008091715 Muolo, Paul and Mathew Padilla (2008). Chain of Blame: How Wall Street Caused the Mortgage and Credit Crisis. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Mullins, Luke (2008). U. S. News. Five Reasons The House Passed the Bailout Bill. Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/blogs/the-home-front/2008/10/3/5-reasons-the-house- passed-the-bailout-bill. html Kato, Takatoshi. (3/21/2008) The Financial Crisis and Economic Outlook-Lessons for Securing the Benefits of Financial Deepening. Retrieved Feb 28, 2009 from http://www. imf. org/external/np/speeches/2008/032108. htm Sahadi, Jeanne. CNNMoney (2/17/2009). Stimulus: Now for the Hard Part. Retrieved Feb 27,2009 from http://money. cnn. com/2009/02/17/news/economy/obama_stimulus_meas_success/index. Htm Small, Jay Newton (10/3/2008). Time. What the Bailout-Bill Crisis Has Wrought. Website Retrieved http://www. time. com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1847205,00. html The Associated Press (2008). Obama, McCain wary about financial bailout. Website. Retrieved Feb 27, 2009 from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/26856877/ The Economist (2008). The credit crunch: The year of living dangerously. Website. Retrieved Feb 26, 2009 from http://www. economist. com/opinion/displayStory. cfm? source=hptextfeaturestory_i d=11885697 The Economist (2008). The credit crunch one year on: Mission creep at the Fed. Website Retrieved March 1, 2009 from http://www. economist. com/finance/displaystory. cfm? story_id=11897000 The Economist (2008). Home Truths: A housing slump helped cause the credit crisis. But its effect on spending may have been exaggerated. Website. Retrieved Feb 26, 2009 from http://www. economist. com/finance/displayStory. cfm? source=hptextfeaturestory_id=11 885272 The Economist (2008). The credit crunch one year on: Mission creep at the Fed. Website Retrieved March 1, 2009 from http://www. economist. com/finance/displaystory. cfm? story_id=11897000 Stamp, Gavin. BCC News. Credit crunch a year on: The losers. Retrieved Feb 26, 2009 from http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/7523234. stm U. S. And World (9/10/2008). Lehman Brothers Announces $3. 9 Bil 3Q Loss. Retrieved on Feb 28, 2009 from http://cbs5. com/national/lehman. brothers. shares. 2. 814040. html U. S. And World (9/12/2008). Emergency Meeting Held To Discuss Lehman Crisis Retrieved on Feb 28, 2009 from http://cbs5. com/business/lehman. brothers. crisis. 2. 816615. html Velshi, Ali (2009). Gimme My Money Back: Your Guide to Beating the Financial Crisis. New York: Sterling and Ross Publishers. Pgs 16-25 Causes of the Great Depression Political Perspectves on Causes and Cures. Retrieved March 3, 2009 from http://www. experiencefestival. com/a/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression_- _Political_Perspectves_on_Causes_and_Cures/id/4905687 Waggoner, John and David J. Lynch (3/15/2008). USA Today. Red flags in Bear Stearns collapse. Retrieved on March 1, 2009 from http://www. usatoday. com/money/industries/banking/2008-03-17-bear-stearns- bailout_N. htm
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Moral And Psychological Atmosphere :: essays research papers
From its opening, the tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, plunges us into a world of mystery, intrigue and plotting. It is dark, enigmatic and yet resplendent court of Elsinor that we saunter into, a court dominated at different times by two characters. With Hamlet trying to prove Claudius's guilt, and Claudius trying to pierce the secret of Hamlet's madness, and using Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Ophelia, and finally Gertrude as his pawns. This makes the atmosphere more and more gloomy and tense The play begins with the Changing of the guards on a cold winter's night at the castle of Elsinor. The men talk about ghost that they have seen, which is the dead king of Denmark. The scene is set on a dark cold night, causing the atmosphere to be gloomy, with tension that can be felt distinctively, foreshadowing of what is to come. This is the skill with which Shakespeare evokes a mood appropriate to this tragedy. The prince Hamlet's first moral struggle is seen in the soliloquy. He wishes to end his life for this world has become " weary, stale, flat and unprofitable". It is not just the death of his beloved father and king which has reduced him to this state of despair but also the fact that his mother's hasty marriage to his uncle Claudius. He perceives this marriage as unrighteous and is religiously wrong. This accounts for his wish to commit suicide. However according to the bible it morally incorrect, it is forbidden by the sixth of the Ten Commandments in the Old Testament. The question to live or to end his life is seen in another scene. "To be or not to be" This suggests that Hamlet is always in the tussle of morality. The atmosphere of the play is steeped in the odour of corruption as well as decay. These visible elements of corruption are reinforced by numerous words and images throughout the play. One of these is " something is rotten in the state of Denmark." This is said by Marcellus when he saw the ghost and aware of the cause of Old hamlet's death. This highlighted the theme of decay. Another example is when the Ghost compares Gertrude's sin to preying on garbage. In addition Hamlet warns Polonius of the way the sun breeds maggots in a dead dog. " For if the sun breed maggots in a dead dog,
Monday, November 11, 2019
Training and Development in Banking Sector – Research Articles
12 Extent of training in Banks and its Impact on employees motivation and involvement in job Muhammad Farhan Akhtar, Khizer Ali, Miss Shama Sadaqat, Shoaib Hafeez M. Com, Hailey College of Commerce, University of The Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lhr. , Pakistan.Abstract Banking sector of Pakistan is characterized by the high competition and in order to survive in the market place, employers have understood the need for ongoing training and development to equip their employee to better cope up with the demands of the dynamic environment today. This study seek to determine the impact of this training and development on motivation and job involvement along with what training methods are widely used in the banking sector of Pakistan. The primary data for this study was collected through a structured questionnaire that was tailored with the help of literature.The questionnaire comprised of 37 items, categorized into 5 sections, which are general perspective, motivation, job involvement, t raining & development and demographics. Survey was carried outon public and private banks of Pakistan (Punjab region). With the support of SPSS,Co-relation and regression analysis was conducted to generate results. We found that training and development has a positive association with both motivation and job involvement of the employees of banks in Pakistan. Moreover, job instructional training and informal learning are widely used techniques to impart the knowledge towards the employees in banking sector.These findings suggest that by boosting the training and development activities within the banking sector the employees could be motivated and get attached with their work. Keywords: Motivation, Training, Job Involvement, Banks 1. 0 Introduction With the extensive competition , greater demand for providing better product and services, continuously changing in technology and business environment in commercial banking sector demanding more than ever in the past the emphasis on traine d employees in order to meet the equirements of the customer and the business survival, banking industry now calling for up to date/latest and broader banking knowledge, skills, abilities for maintaining their existence and growth, which demand for the proper and effective training to the employees. There are so many situations where service can fall between the cracks. Is the representative at the information desk trained to find a replacement while she is away for a few minutes? No? There goes another customer who doesn't want to wait. (I know. I ve been there).Is the guard at the door trained to direct customers to the right people or does he curtly wave them over to wait at the end of the line at the Information Desk when he could have sent them to the platform person who opens accounts? Do you really think that the employees are well versed with the etiquettes, cultural norms, customer psychology? If you answered no to any of these questions about training, then money is walkin g out the door and you are certainly losing customers which are fuel of your business. Without the fuel you cannot run the train of your business.Due to the cutthroat competition, increased inclination of consumers towards quality oriented products and services, more customer orientation, rapid technological advancements resulting in COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 793 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 methodical alterations and an ever changing business environment signifies, more than ever, the need of training the employees in the banking industry of Pakistan.This research paper serves the purpose of acknowledging the need and importance of training to the bank employees in Pakistan. And whether the training really impacts the employees' performance and contributes to the productivity. 2. 0 Literature review So many studies are available on the subject, which seek to deter mine the impact of training on the motivation and commitment. Some are provided hereafter: Cooper et al. (1989) found a positive relationship between training programs and employees job involvement.He argued that if there are some recognitions and financial benefits for the high performers at the training programs, the feelings of reciprocity emerges in the high performing employees as well as in other ones which motivate them to extend themselves in many ways such as adapting new skills, knowledge and competencies which ultimately leads to improved organizational performance. Miller et al. (1996)examined the need and impact of training and development on the service sector employees is widely discussed topic in the literature.The literature review targets the trade journals, text books and various magazines that contain the information on training and development. Training needs assessment is the first step of an organization s training and development program. It identify the need s or performance requirements of the organization_ it determines whether there is gap between the actual performance and the standard performance set by the organization and if there is any discrepancy between the two, then training is required. After the needs assessment, the training objectives are determined . i. e. who needs training and what training is needed.Then the training is designed and implemented accordingly. At the end it isdetermined whether the training objectives were met. The evaluation system includes identifying participant reactions to the training process, how much participants learned and how well the participants transfer the training back on their respective jobs_ if employees subsequent performance would be better than the previous, then it can be said that the training has a positive impact(most of the time) on employees performance otherwise not Hughey and Mussnug (1997) found a positive correlation between the employee training and employee & job satisf action.Today, every organization provide some type of training to their employees after some intervals. Some companies provide formal trainings such as initial and ongoing training programs, some hire outside training consultants according to their requirements. So motivation for implementing training programs varies from company to company. A very few organizations provide effective trainings to their employees in order to improve their knowledge, abilities and skills, and the correlation of such training programs with job satisfaction is high.On theother hand , some companies provide trainings to meet health and safety regulations and some firms provide training only for appearance sake and the correlation of such type of trainings with motivation is not so high. Dowswell (1998) concluded that lack of time, growing age and other practical constraints demotivated the employees during the training. He found a negative correlation between training and motivation for aging employees a nd managers. He argued that the aging workers always want to maintain the status quo and if they are bound to adapt new skills and competencies through training, then their motivation levels decrease.COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 794 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Lester (1999) said: Professionals must relearn and retrain to maintain the relevance of their skills . In this statement, he argued that changing nature of the corporate environment encourages the managers and employees to continuously relearn and retain new skills, knowledge and competencies in order to keep them up to date.He found a positive correlation between the training and the highest prior level of education gained which increase the employee motivation. He concluded that if employees perform well on the training and subsequent to the training, if they perceive that they have learnt something new which would be an enhancement in their CVs as well as beneficial for them to capture the future opportunities, then their motivation and involvement towards their jobs increase. Stephenson (1999) concluded that there are two basic factors which are very crucial to be present in the employees in this new changing economy i. . ability to learn and adapt and understanding of the new corporate environment which can be utilized by the corporations through continuous training programs in order to increase their motivation as well as involvement towards their jobs. He argued that continuous training and professional development is not a luxury but a necessity of today s changing economy, as employees can better understand that in order to cope with the changing corporate environment and to exploit the future job opportunities training programs are very useful to make them up to date.So most of the time there is a positive correlation between training and professional development programs and th e motivation of employees. Gregory (2001) concluded that training has a great impact on employee s subsequent job performance and the lack of training and development results in managers not familiar with the task requirements as well as the core competencies such as knowledge, skills and abilities which managers must possess to perform well the organization s tasks, as a result their performance as well as motivation level decrease.He suggested that the managers in service organizations must be knowledgeable in all newer functions that apply to their departments so that overall organizational objectives can be achieved effectively and efficiently in accordance with the new demands posses by the corporate environment.. A descriptive study conducted by a group of researchers. Roscoe (2002) said: No professional completes their initial training equipped to practice competently for the rest of their life .He argued that corporate environment is changing day by day and in order to cope with the level of changes, organizations implement various dynamic processes including the training programs which subsequently increase the motivation levels of employees as after the training process most of the employees seek promotions to higher level jobs which is the main cause of motivation. Garavan et al. (2003) found that training process is a more job oriented that can change employee attitudes and behaviors that motivate them to increase their knowledge and understanding of the job according to the dynamic corporate environment.Another researcher (Manu, 2004) suggested the desirable techniques and models which may prevent the failure of a training program. In this study, it is concluded that the organizations should choose those models of training and development that successfully fit into the organization s culture. Needs of training and essential business skills should be carefully assessed. Then appropriate managerial techniques as well as the comprehensive plans or mo dels should be implemented for the effective training and development program in order to motivate the employees, reduce the performance gaps and achieve the organizational goals effectively.Mathieson (2006) found a positive relationship between the training programs in which managers are participatively involved in setting the training design & motivation of employees. He argued that everyone should be involved in the journey of training program as in this way employees feel ownership of the process which add value to their performance which in return motivate them to COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 795 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 eliver the tangible organizational improvements. Morag Mathieson is the training and development manager at the Glenmorangie Company, Broxburn, West Lothian,Uk _ He said that the company s key objective is to design the training programs whic h fully utilize the employee s potential and motivate the employees to continuously adapt the new skills and competencies according to the changing corporate environment. He suggested that management buy-in to training and development through bottom-up-approach can be used for this purpose. Khattaket al. 2010) suggests that training and development is directly related with successful performance of managers, organizations and nations. The countries which spend more on training and development of human resources are relatively more developed as human resources contribute to productivity more than physical and other resources but there is a problem, population growth is inversely related with human capital investment, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan, so it should be controlled in order to spend more on training and development of human resources that make the more employees to get involved in their jobs and ncrease their subsequent performance A Questionnaire survey conducted on 1000 top companies of Malaysia where (Jamil & Som, 2007) concluded that changing nature of today s corporate environment and the intense global competition where consumers demand more quality services require the organizations to continuously train their human resources in order to maintain market competitiveness and business survival.The researchers argued that ad-hoc training approaches and the training programs without proper analysis leads to poor training investments, so three levels of analysis(individual, organizational and operational) as well as the multiple data collection methods and techniques should be used to analyze the training needs in order to effectively design and implement the training programs for motivating the employees and achieving the organizational goals more efficiently. Murphy et al. 2006) concluded that there is positive correlation between training programs and employee s motivation. He argued that are certain set of factors which motiva te the managers and employees to continuously adapt new skills and competencies according to the today s changing environment and also increase their subsequent motivation level. These motivators may include improving the confidence level and self esteem, higher levels of career satisfaction as well as more future promotion opportunities for those who show improved subsequent performance.He also identified some barriers in the way of training to motivation which may include lack of employer s financial support & recognition as well as insufficient knowledge about the training program. He suggested that the organizations should remove such barriers and promotes the motivators in order to effectively implement the training, obtain the required outcomes and subsequently increases employee s motivation and involvement towards their jobs.According to (Longenecker, 2010), there is a positive relationship between training programs and employee motivation which make the employees more invol ved in their jobs and subsequently results in better performance and productivity both for the employees as well as for the organizations. He argued that the organizations which want to attain long-term suitable results, spent huge amounts on training programs in order to make the employees up to date according to the dynamic corporate environment.He also added that employees can t improve their performance if they don t know about the need for change, so it is the responsibility of the supervisors to make the employees aware about the need for training in order to motivate them and obtain the desired outcomes. Adomi (2006) found that there is a positive relationship between training i. e. job rotation and employee motivation. He adopted survey method for the study in which he used questionnaire as data collection instrument. He argued that training programs such as job rotation reduce the COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 96 ijcrb. webs. com INTE RDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 boredom of the jobs and increase the motivation through diversification of the tasks. Employees get motivation and learn new skills through training which make them to have a broader view of the jobs in the organizations in which they work and in this way performance and productivity of both employees as well as the organizations tend to improve. Kushnir, Ehrenfeld and Shalish (2006) argued that there is a positive relationship between training programs i. e. oaching and motivation of employees. He used self report measures as research instrument and compared the experimental study ( graduates who got training ) with the control group ( graduates who didn t get training ) and found that training increased employee motivation, self-efficacy and professional performance among coaches but not in control groups. He also added that training enhances the professional development skills of coaches which mak e them to perform the complex job tasks easily and to get the desired outcomes for the organizations in which they work.Amorose and Butcher (2006) found that there is a positive relationship between training programs i. e. coaching and self determined motivation. He used cross-sectional survey method for the study during the training sessions. He argued that importance of the training programs is obvious as a lot of training factors such as perceived training needs, autonomy as well as sense of relatedness with the training programs affect the motivational outcomes.He also added that performance related feed-back as well as different type of rewards are provided to the employees on the basis of training evaluation which make the employees motivated and enhance their performance which subsequently results in increased productivity and performance of the organizations. 3. 0 Research Methodology 3. 1 Method: We conducted survey questionnaire for the collection of data in our study. The questionnaire consists of total five sections. First section shows the general prospective of training and development on employees.Second section tells about the impact of training and development on motivation of employees. Third section shows the relationship between job involvement and training and development. Fourth section depicts the type of training and development mostly used by banks. Finally, Last section tells the demographics of the respondents. 3. 2 Sample: We take the sample of 100 questionnaires for our study. The respondents of questionnaire are from different bank employees in Punjab region. We selected all types of banks including public banks and private banks.In private banks, we divided the banks also in Islamic banks and conventional banks. The respondents are of all age level with their respective experience level. The questionnaire used in this study is reported in Appendix-I 3. 3 Hypothesis: The study seeks to reveal the causal relationships between the f ollowing: H1: There is positive relationship between Motivation and Training and Development. H2: There is positive relationship between Job Involvement and Training and Development. COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 797 ijcrb. ebs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS 4. 0 Statistical results 4. 1 Demographics Table 4. 1 Type of Bank and Nature of Bank Nature of Bank Conventional Count Type of Bank Public Private Total 21 73 94 Islamic Count 0 6 6 APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Total Count 21 79 100 Table 4. 1 shows the Type of bank and Nature of Bank taken in study. Type of bank consists of Public Banks and Private Banks. Nature of bank consists of Conventional banks and Islamic banks. Public banks refer to those banks which are owned by the Government.Conventional Banks are bank which use typical methods of banking. Islamic Banks are those banks whose operations are according to Islamic rules and regulation. In our surve y, in Public banks, 21 respondents are from Conventional banks and not a single respondent from Islamic banks. In private Sector, 73 respondents are from Conventional Banks and 6 respondents are from Islamic Banks. So in total, 21 respondents from Public banks and 79 respondents from Private Banks and total 94 respondents from Conventional Banks and 6 respondents from Islamic banks. Table 4. Level of Job with Gender and Qualification Qualification Graduation Count Level of Job Middle Level Gender Male Female Upper Level Gender Male Female Total Gender Male Female 18 6 3 0 21 6 Masters Count 48 9 13 1 61 10 Others Count 0 1 1 0 1 1 Total Count 66 16 17 1 83 17 Table 4. 2 depicts the respondent s level of Job into Higher level employees and Lower level employees, in which 66 male and 16 female respondents are from Middle level employees and 17 male and 1 female respondent from higher level employees. From Gender prospective, out of total 100 respondents, 83 respondents are male and 17 respondents are female.COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 798 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 From the Qualification point of view, 21 male and 6 female respondent have Graduation s qualification and 61 male and 10 female respondent have Master s qualification and 1 male and 1 female respondents have other qualification Table 4. 3 Experience, Experience with current job and Age N Experience Experience with current job Age Valid N (list wise) 98 87 95 85 Minimum 0 0 18. 00 Maximum 36 36 58. 00 Mean 8. 62 5. 7 32. 9053 Std. Deviation 8. 445 5. 963 8. 86311 Table 4. 3 shows the respondents Experience level, Experience with current job and respondents Age. Out of 100 respondents, 98 respondents respond to Experience answer with 0 and 36 years of minimum and maximum experience respectively. The mean value of experience employees is 8. 63 and standard deviation is 8. 445. Experienc e with current job respond by 87 respondents whose minimum experience to current job is 0 years and maximum experience to current job is 36 years. The mean and standard deviation of experience with current job is 5. 7 and 5. 963 respectively. Total 95 respondents give their age answer in with minimum age employee is 18 years with no experience and maximum age is 58 with 36 years of experience. The mean age of respondent is 32. 9053 and standard deviation is 8. 86311. 4. 2 Motivation: Table 4. 4 Model fitness for training and development and motivation Model Sum of df Mean square Square 1 Regression Residual Total F Sig. 10. 964 25. 670 36. 654 1 97 96 10. 964 . 265 41. 507 .000 The above table shows the overall fitness of the model and F stat of 41. 07 indicates that our model is good fit at 0% level of significance while the Sum of Square and Mean Square of model regression is 10. 964 and The Residual sum of Square is 25. 670 with a Mean Square of 0. 265 and a total Sum of Square o f model is 36. 654. COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 799 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Table 4. 5 Regression results for training and development and motivation Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients coefficients Model B Std. Beta t Error 1 (constant) Training and Development 1. 42 . 602 . 382 . 093 . 547 3. 511 6. 443 APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Sig. .001 . 000 This table shows the relationship between motivation and Training and Development. The results depict that Training and Development has 54. 7% positive impact on the motivation level of employees with regard to their job and this relationship is significant at 0% level of significance. Table 4. 6: Model Summary for training and development and motivation Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics R Square Change F Change df1 df2 Siq. F Change 1 .547 .300 .292 .51443 .300 1. 507 1 97 .000 Table 4. 6: The value of R for the model between the Motivation and Training and Development is 0. 547 and the value of R square for the model is 0. 300. The Adjusted R square for the Motivation and Training and Development is 0. 292. The Model Standard Error of the Estimate is 0. 51443. The model significance is 100%. The value of adjusted R square is . 292 that shows that out of total, 29. 2% variation in the motivation is explained by the training and development. 4. 3 Job Involvement: Table 4. 7 Model fitness for training and development and job involvement Model Regression Residual Total Sum of Square 5. 570 35. 057 40. 627 df 1 96 99 Mean Square 5. 570 . 358 F 15. 570 Siq. .000 The above table shows the overall fitness of the model and F stat of 15. 507 indicates that our model is good fit at 0% level of significance while the Sum of Square and Mean Square of model regression is 5. 570 and The Residual sum of Square is 35. 057 with a Mean Square of 0. 358 and a total Sum of Square of model is 40. 627. COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 800 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Table 4. Regression results for training and development and job involvement Unstandardized Coefficients Model B 1 (constant) Training and development 2. 330 . 428 Std. Error . 444 . 108 . 370 Beta Standardized coefficients t APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Siq. 5. 250 3. 946 . 000 . 000 This table shows the relationship between Job Involvement and Training and Development. The results depict that Training and Development has 37. 0% positive impact on the Job Involvement level of employees with regard to their job and this relationship is significant at 0% level of significance.Table 4. 9: Model Summary for training and development and job involvement Change Statistics Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate R Square Change . 137 F Change df1 df2 Siq. F Change 1 .370 .137 .128 .59610 15. 570 1 96 .000 Table 4. 9: The value of R for the model between the Job Involvement and Training and Development is 0. 370 and the value of R square for the model is 0. 137. The Adjusted R square for the Job Involvement and Training and Development is 0. 128. The Model Standard Error of the Estimate is 0. 59610.The model significance is 100%. Table 4. 10: shows the types of training methods result N Job instruction Informal Learning Coaching Special Tasks Job Rotation Case Studies Seminars Lectures Valid N (listwise) 99 100 90 91 91 99 99 100 89 Mean 4. 0808 3. 5600 3. 3889 3. 2306 3. 1538 3. 1414 3. 1212 2. 9900 Std. Deviation 1. 03684 1. 02809 1. 09846 1. 33397 1. 16355 1. 22899 1. 24763 1. 15902 COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 801 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Table 4. shows the mostly used types of training and development methods in banks, in which 99 out of 100 respondents give job ins truction method the highest rank with the mean of 4. 0808 and standard deviation of 1. 03684. Second most widely used method is informal learning having mean and standard deviation of 3. 5600 and 1. 02809 respectively. 90 respondents give coaching training method on the third important level. Mean of Coaching in results is 3. 3889 and standard deviation is 1. 09846. 91 respondents gives special tasks average rating with the mean of 3. 2306 and its standard deviation is 1. 33397.Job rotation has the mean value of 3. 1538 and standard deviation 1. 16355 by the 91 respondents. Case studies get the values of 3. 1414 and 1. 22899 of mean and standard deviation respectively. At the end, Seminars and Lectures get the lowest numbers by respondents of mean 3. 1212 and 2. 9900 respectively and standard deviation is 1. 24763 and 1. 15902. 5. 0 Conclusion Training for employees of an organization is considered very much important in order to achieve excellence and competence. But does training plays any other role besides providing learning and equipping the employees with demanding competencies?Surely it does as indicated that training has a positive impact on both motivation and job involvement. There are certain limitations of the study as the sample size is 100, which is too small a large scale study would provide more reliability to the study. This study however, clearly emphasizes the need and importance of the training on the employees in the banking sector characterized by low morale due to high work stress. COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 802 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS ReferencesAPRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Anglin, G. M. (2001). Company officer training and development ââ¬â Maintaining consistency in dynamic environment , National Fire Academy, pp. 1-39. Dowswell, C. , Hewison, J. and Hinds, M. (1998), Motivational forces affecting participation inpost-registration degree c ourses and effects on home and work-life: a qualitative study ,Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28 (6), pp. 1326-33. Garavan, T. N. , Hogan, C. and Cahir-O Donnell, A. (2003), Making Training and DevelopmentWork: A Best Practice Guide, Dublin, Oak Tree Press.Hughey, A. W. , &Mussnug, K. J. (1997). Designing effective employee training programmes. Training for Quality , 5 (2), pp. 52 57. Jamil, R. , &Md. Som, H. (2007). Training Needs Analysis : Practices of Top Companies in Malaysia. International Review of Business Research Papers , 3 (3), 162-175. Khattak, M. A. , Bashir, F. , &Qureshi, T. M. (2010). ââ¬Å"Training and Development paradigm, and its contribution in economic uplift of the country, A case from Pakistanâ⬠, 12th International Business Research Conference, pp. 1-16. Lester, S. 1999), Professional bodies, CPD and informal learning: the case for conservation ,Continuous Professional Development, 2(4), pp. 11-121. Manu, J. S. (2004). ââ¬Å"Training and development techn iques for improving organizational performance for Ghanaian firmsâ⬠. The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout , pp. 143. Mathieson, M. (2006). Improving organisational performance through developing our people , Industrial and commercial training , 38 (2), 70-77. Miller A. J. , SPHR, Osinski M. D. , SPHR. (1996), Training needs assessment Murphy, C. , Cross, C. , & McGuire, D. (2006).The motivation of nurses to participate in continuing professional education in Ireland. Journal of European Industrial Training , 6 (5), 365-384. Roscoe, J. (2002), Continuing professional development in higher education , Human ResourceDevelopment International, 5(1), pp. 3-9. Rusbult, C. , Farrell, D. , Rogers, G. and Mainus, A. (1988), Impact of exchange variables on exit,voice loyalty and neglect: an integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction ,Academy of Management Journal, 31, pp. 599-627. Stephenson, J. (1999), Corporate Capability: Implications for the Style andD irection ofworkbased learning , National Centre for Vocational Education Research COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 803 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Withey, M. and Cooper, W. (1989), Predicting, exit, voice, loyalty and neglect , AdministrativeScience Quarterly, 34, pp. 521-39. COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 804 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Appendix I APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12Questionnaire: Dear Sir/Madam, I am a student of M. Com at Hailey College of Commerce. The following research is part of our degree program and conducted for purely academic purposes. The purpose of research is to find out the Extent of Training in banks and its impact on Employees Motivation and Involvement in Job. All the information collected through the questionnaire will be used only for contribution to knowl edge and kept secret/confidential. Please ensure that you mark all the given statements as incomplete responses will not fulfill researcher s requirements. General Perspective 1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Indifferent (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree In my opinion, Training must be part of every employee s Job 1 2 3 In my opinion, Training must be provided on regular basis. 1 2 3 My organization considers the training program important for the employees 1 2 3 The training used by the organization is effective. 1 2 3 I am satisfied with the training program offered by the organization. 1 2 3 The training program is helpful in personal development. 1 2 3 The training program is helpful in professional development 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Motivation 1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Indifferent (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree I have a generally positive attitude toward those holding positions of authority over me. I enjoy competition and striving to win for myself and my work group. I like to tell others what to do and have no problem with imposing sanctions to enforce my directives. I like being active, assertive, and protecting the members of the work group. I enjoy the idea of standing out from the group, behaving in a unique manner, and being highly visible. I am willing to perform routine, day-to-day administrative tasks and duties. 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 Job Involvement (1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Slightly Disagree (4) Slightly Agree (5) Agree (6) Strongly Agree The most important things that can happen to me is to get involved in my present job. To me, my job is only a small part of who I am. I am very much involved personally in my job. I live, eat, and breathe my job. Most of my interests are centered around my job. I have very strong ties with my present job which would be very difficult to break. Usually I feel detached from my job. 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 805 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Most of my personal life goals are job oriented. I consider my job to be very central to my existence. I like to be absorbed in my job most of the time. 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 The Type of Training Used by the Organization (1) Never (2) sometimes (3) Mostly (4) Often (5) AlwaysCOACHING (a senior guides the junior or new entrant) JOB ROTATION (Systematically the trainee is moved from one place to another) SPECIAL TASKS (Assigning tasks to employees to increase their knowledge base) LECTURES (Lectures on specific issues and topics) SEMINARS (Experts from outside organization are called to discuss specific issues) CASE STUDIES (Written material is provided regarding organization problems and events) INFORMAL LEARNING (Colleagues and friends discuss matters informally) JOB INSTR UCTIONS (Written instructions are provided regarding procedures) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Type of Bank ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â O Public O Private O O Nature of Bank ââ¬âââ¬â O Conventional O Islamic O O Level of Job ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- O Middle Level O Top Level O O Experience (in Years) ______________ Experience with Current Job (in years) ______________ Qualification ââ¬âââ¬â- O Graduation O Masters O Others O O O _____________________ Age (in Years) _________________________ Gender ââ¬â- ââ¬âO Male O O O THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME AND COOPERATION Female COPY RIGHT à © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 806
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Science Boon and Bane
There are no extents to define science. Science is every where around us. Some people say it is a boon and some say that it is a bane. According to me it is a boon as every thing have both cons and pros, but the decision is made by observing which side is better. Some who would disagree with me and would believe that science is a bane. Everyone have his/her different opinion. But, friend! science is the discovery, it is the mixture of creativity of human's mind with his/her intelligence. You would say that earlier when all the comforts were not available, everything was just perfect as science was not there. But the stone weapons, invention of fire, cave, animal clothing, everything was discovery, creation, creativity, intelligence in short science. There was no human era in which science was not present as without science the human would be even worse than the new born baby who is totally confused and does not know where he is, and what to do, but he at least know that he have to cry, but without science, humans would not be even in that state. So friends, no to science and technology does not only means that there will no electricity, TV , ac, fridge, taps, computers, internet, transport, etc but it means even more, it means that human would be nothing less than being a living corpse. I agree that it can be harmful if in evil hands, but is it the fault of creativity, intelligence, no it is the fault evil mind. They can use anything to facilitate their plans and if this is the case, then according to it, if someone is stabbed, then the knife through which the murderer had killed the victim should be punished and is to be blamed and not the murderer.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Free Essays on Change Of Heart On No Child Left Behind
Change of Heart 1 Change of Heart on No Child Left Behind In the article Change of Heart on No Child Left Behind written by Karen MacPherson, a staff member of the Post-Gazette National Bureau in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, it relates how the No Child Left Behind Act is impacting our schools across the nation. This article draws attention to the list of doubters; politicians, administrators, teachers, and parents, who have been left in the wake of the No Child Left Behind Act. MacPherson recounts the No Child Left Behind Act was signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2002 as he sat in an old, jaded school desk in an Ohio high school. This law is, by far, the most sweeping educational reform regulation in four decades in the United States. This legislation passed with flying colors through both houses in Congress to ensure that all students would receive a quality education in Americaââ¬â¢s public schools. This law builds upon the substructure of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. It is a potent combination of resources, new requirements, and incentives; and it poses weighty challenges for all states. MacPherson narrates there is an expanding group of concerned citizens who believe the legislation is failing to provide sufficient federal funding and thus falls short in meeting the needs of the students to provide a quality education. The author relates that Senator John F. Kerry, presidential hopeful, D-Mass., is one of these concerned citizens who have had a change of heart. He is also one of the eighty-seven senators who originally voted the legislation into law in January of 2002. Change of Heart 2 The author attests that the No Child Left Behind Act was originally addressed as a landmark endeavor to raise the standards for all students in America while closing the gap between higher-scoring students and lower-scoring students. MacPherson explains that all states are now mandate... Free Essays on Change Of Heart On No Child Left Behind Free Essays on Change Of Heart On No Child Left Behind Change of Heart 1 Change of Heart on No Child Left Behind In the article Change of Heart on No Child Left Behind written by Karen MacPherson, a staff member of the Post-Gazette National Bureau in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, it relates how the No Child Left Behind Act is impacting our schools across the nation. This article draws attention to the list of doubters; politicians, administrators, teachers, and parents, who have been left in the wake of the No Child Left Behind Act. MacPherson recounts the No Child Left Behind Act was signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2002 as he sat in an old, jaded school desk in an Ohio high school. This law is, by far, the most sweeping educational reform regulation in four decades in the United States. This legislation passed with flying colors through both houses in Congress to ensure that all students would receive a quality education in Americaââ¬â¢s public schools. This law builds upon the substructure of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. It is a potent combination of resources, new requirements, and incentives; and it poses weighty challenges for all states. MacPherson narrates there is an expanding group of concerned citizens who believe the legislation is failing to provide sufficient federal funding and thus falls short in meeting the needs of the students to provide a quality education. The author relates that Senator John F. Kerry, presidential hopeful, D-Mass., is one of these concerned citizens who have had a change of heart. He is also one of the eighty-seven senators who originally voted the legislation into law in January of 2002. Change of Heart 2 The author attests that the No Child Left Behind Act was originally addressed as a landmark endeavor to raise the standards for all students in America while closing the gap between higher-scoring students and lower-scoring students. MacPherson explains that all states are now mandate...
Monday, November 4, 2019
The role of phonological awareness and memory in second language Essay
The role of phonological awareness and memory in second language - Essay Example The nature of cognitive constructs has not been a simple topic either in the field of applied linguistics, or in the pedagogy field of studies; nonetheless, a number of researches have shown that the levels of awareness and working memory were important in learning L2 as well as in first language (L1). The specific goals of this paper are to review the previous findings on these topics and to explore empirically crucial facts about them. To provide an accurate definition of "fluency" has not been an easy task for SLA researchers. Theoretically, there are two approaches in defining "fluency": in a broader sense, fluency is a global oral proficiency, and in a narrower sense, fluency is considered as the component of oral proficiency that is purely a performance phenomenon (Lennon, 2000). In line with this, Kormos and Denes (2004) argued in their study of perception of fluency that there are high-order fluency, which can be equated with proficiency, and low-order fluency, which is represented by temporal aspects of fluency. The current research takes the narrower perspective (i.e. low-order fluency), following Lennon's definition of fluency (2000: 26): "rapid, smooth, accurate, lucid and efficient translation of thought or communicative intention into language under the temporal constraints of online processing." In short, this is the capacity to use language in real time. Kormos and Denes (2004) proposed that fluency may not only be a temporal phenomenon: for some people, conceptualization of fluency might include grammatical precision and lexical diversity. This finding highlights the fact that fluency is often discussed with the context of its complexity and accuracy. These three aspects of language presentation have been used to describe language learners' performance for the oral/written assessment and also to indicate their proficiency underlying their interpretation. Researchers have claimed that fluency, complexity and correctness are in competition with one another for attention resources (Ellis & Barkhuizen, 2005; Skehan, 1996). In other words, it is unlikely that a learner can achieve fluency, complexity and accuracy simultaneously since his/her attention and memory capabilities are limited. For instance, in a study that compared fluency, complexity and accuracy, Skehan (1998) discussed that fluency is associated with meaning-based communica tion, which in turn is associated with lexicalization. Therefore, a learner's performance may be over-lexicalized if fluency is consistently prioritized. Skehan and Foster analyzed the influence of task structure and processing load on narrative performance and found that fluency has increased when the assignment performance was meaning-oriented: for example, when 1) tasks were on personal matters (1997), and 2) tasks contained comprehensible, inherent, sequential structure (1999). In addition, the set of fluency measures generated no significant correlations between the proportions of form complexity and accuracy. In the field of SLA, the establishment of the appropriate standards of fluency has been a major concern.
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